Package "le"

Title:	Logical English Parser
Rating:	Not rated. Create the first rating!
Latest version:	0.0.1
SHA1 sum:	f738107ba64f60591a11f3e7ec5c823c2a69b4c2
Author:	Jacinto Dávila <jd@logicalcontracts.com>
Home page:	https://github.com/LogicalContracts/LogicalEnglish

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Version	SHA1	#Downloads	URL
0.0.1	f738107ba64f60591a11f3e7ec5c823c2a69b4c2	7	https://github.com/LogicalContracts/LogicalEnglish
	326c89969d2fd7c2161775ce9342eb5b8b9ea286	1	https://github.com/LogicalContracts/LogicalEnglish
	f272d1d36914900af301d9b73294704d2427b026	1	https://github.com/LogicalContracts/LogicalEnglish
	ca94236ba0992d8af55843da2d743525f9f08b10	1	https://github.com/LogicalContracts/LogicalEnglish

Logical English

Logical English, LE, is a controlled form of natural language that can be used for programming and knowledge representation.

It can also be regarded as syntactic sugar for Prolog, even though there is no exact match between existing Prolog implementations and LE. We are still searching for the best and more natural expressions for some critical concepts in knowledge representations, such as types, functions and composite terms in general.

For a general Introduction to Logical English, LE, (in PDF): [Handbook](le_handbook.pdf).

Also, you can watch this video introducing Logical English.

For a more formal description of LE: le_syntax.md

For more about Logical English visit the testing site at LogicalContracts.com and the paper "Logical English for Legal Applications"

Software shared "as is", no warranties nor support whatsoever.

Licensing and copyright

All software in this directory is licensed as per Apache License 2.0 (https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0) except where noted.

Initial copyright holders by country: LodgeIT (AU), AORA Law (UK), Bob Kowalski (UK), Miguel Calejo (PT), Jacinto Dávila (VE)

Special thanks to: Andrew Noble, Chris Mennell and Bruce Mennell

Tools for Writers of Logical English

LE EDITOR mode extension for Visual Studio Editor

We are happy to announce the new LE editor mode for the Visual Studio Code Editor, VSC, developed by Nikolai Merritt, as his MSc project at Imperial College. The whole code is here:

https://github.com/nikolaimerritt/LogicalEnglish

But the VSC extension can be obtained directly from within VSC. As the author explains: "Installing the extension is now very simple. Having installed Visual Studio Code, from the 'extensions' icon on the left bar, and search for "logical-english-vscode". (The extension comes up if you search for "logical english" or similar, but gets buried under lots of less new extensions.) It can also be found here https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=NikolaiMerritt.logical-english-vscode"

We want to encourage our friends to test it and, if you are so kind, report the experiences to us.

LE GUI extension to access a SWISH LE Server from Visual Studio Editor

This extension [le-ui](./le-ui/README.md) provides a user interface within the Visual Studio Editor, VSC, to translate LE documents and queries into Prolog code that it is executed on a SWISH server (defined in VSC settings). The interaction occurs through a "webview" that is displayed as a collapsible tab in the Explorer view of Visual Studio. It could also be displayed as a side tab in the editor view, using a right-click, contextual-menu option. Follow the link above for details.

Courseware

Work in progress: Visit this collection of [self-teaching content on Logical English](./le_courseware.md).

History of Development

TaxLog and LPS

Taxlog was the first implementation of purpose-specific, syntactic sugar for Prolog, under the umbrella of Logical English. Taxlog is still one fo the intented target for LE. However, the current implementation is not being maintained. For more about TaxLog see the TaxLog.md file.

There was also a preliminary experiment in the search for Logical English, but not with Prolog as target, but for LPS. That translator is still functional and can be referred as and tested here:

Dávila, J.: Rock-Paper-Scissors https://demo.logicalcontracts.com/p/rps-gets.pl (2017).

Projects using LE

Accziom.com

Introduction and list of resources at Advent of Logical English​​

University of Bologna

The University of Bologna has actively supported the development of LE, in pursue of the following stages and objectives of development:

Stage 1

1. Test the VSC editor mode and language server for LE and test its integration with SWISH. We adapted VSC so that this standalone server can interact with a SWISH server running the LE parser, via a JS API, to post, query and publish LE documents on the SWISH server.

Stage 2

1. Migrate the current implementation of LE to a WebAssembly Platform
2. Further explore and enhance its treatment of common nouns as types. Verify its application to legal concepts.
3. Refactor the error reporting system with feedback from users.
4. Complete the integration of LE with sCASP, including the integration with its explanations.
5. Fix bugs and answer issues in this repository.
6. Examine extensions to capture deontic reasoning and conflicts of legal rules.

Development RoadMap

1. TESTING NOW Improve the error detection system for better pinpointing of error location and cause.
2. TESTING NOW a. Store LE translation as a prolog or a s(CASP) file to be injected into SWISH storage (to appear in the SWISH file list).
3. Add a facility to name rules, initially to refer to them in the explainer, but eventually to incorporate naming of rules with rule priorities, to deal with hierarchies of rules and exceptions. Note that the resulting implementation of defeasibility can be accomplished either by means of a meta-interpreter, or by compiling rule priorities into lower-level Prolog rules with explicit negative conditions.
4. TESTING NOW Add a facility for naming and combining knowledge bases, with a view to obtaining some of the functionality of object-oriented systems, including inheritance and overriding.
5. TESTING NOW b. Develop an editor for LE with syntax and semantic highlighting, and error detection, as a separate editor project, preferably on JS Codemirror, using simple pengine calls to a SWISH server to assist the editing, and convert to different formats.
6. c. AFTER (b) is done, add .le as a valid SWISH file type.
7. Add a treatment of common nouns as types.
8. Update older examples into the new syntax extensions.

Support RoadMap

1. Opening the discussion forum
2. Update the LE handbook with the latest syntax extensions.
3. Add more examples (both to the report and the handbook).

Older Examples under review

1. [1_net_asset_value_test](./kb/1_net_asset_value_test.pl) Determine if a given entity satisfies the maximum net value test for Capital Gain Test, CGT, assets.
2. [2_r_and_d_tax_reliefs](./kb/2_r_and_d_tax_reliefs.pl) Determine if a project qualifies for the EIS.
3. [3_rollover_2](./kb/3_rollover_2.pl) Decide whether the small business restructure rollover applies to an event.
4. [4_affiliates](./kb/4_affiliates.pl) Determine if a given entity is affiliate of another (also given).
5. [5_tax_reliefs](./kb/5_tax_reliefs.pl) Determine if an electronic transaction is exempt from SDRT.
6. [6_statutory_residence](./kb/6_statutory_residence.pl) Determine if a person is a UK resident for tax purposes.
7. [7_loan_agreement](./kb/7_loan_agreement.pl) The Loan Agreement (and many variations with and without the Event Calculus)
8. [014_escrow](./kb/014_escrow.pl) A blockchain-like escrow agreement.
9. [cittadinanza_ita](./kb/cittadinanza_ita.pl) Cittadinanza Italiana (Italian Citizenship, many versions and translation into sCASP). 10. [010_isda_agreement](./kb/010_isda_agreement.pl) The ISDA Agreement (Many versions including [isda-permission-corrected](./kb/isda-permission-corrected.pl)) 11. [oecd_test_for_inclusion](./kb/oecd_test_for_inclusion.pl) OECD example with an included document. 12. [criminal_justice](./kb/criminal_justice.pl) Criminal justice example. 13. [subsets](./kb/subsets.pl) Subsets example in many languages and into Prolog and sCASP. 14. [permitted that](./kb/permitted%20that.pl) Example with metavariables. 15. [minicontractv2](./kb/minicontractv2.pl) A proposed format for an electronic contract.

<a name='Releases'></a>Release Notes

• 2024-08-08] Previous version [328c4b7d1cb5e146a3e5175b4537d30a3f69c7e6
  • Static Prolog LE server without SWISH
    • From https://github.com/LogicalContracts/LogicalEnglish/tree/main/clientExample/my-app
    • swipl simple_server.pl --port=3052 --staticdir='./build'
    • with static files being produced by: npm run build
    • from models in: https://github.com/LogicalContracts/LogicalEnglish/tree/main/clientExample/my-app/public
    • runs from URL: http://localhost:3052/static/simple_client.html
• 2023-06-12] Previous version [8db435763dad4afbf1cf5f8c46c16d3f53f7255c
  • New handling of mathematical expressions.
  • New translation of is in English as unification "=" in Prolog.
  • New translation of = in English as "is" assignment in Prolog.
• 2023-04-09] Previous version [37dadce4c7916ed47c79c770ac575330d60f8f94
  • New VSC extension LE GUI (with new JS API and collapsible explanations)
  • Standalone LE
• 2022-05-12] Beta testing. Previous version [97abce7d4398f05c1f165e4a411a982b16f358bd
  • Activates #abducible to handle unknown information with sCASP in LE.
• 2022-05-05] Beta testing. Previous version: [d405af4da4fbeb170cd1cb1be333ff66c65a8d98
  • Merging branch logical_languages with the latest extensions of LE syntax for sources in Italian, French and Spanish and targeting sCASP beside Prolog. Also, inclusion of other documents.
• 2021-11-23] Updating the roadmap. Previous version: [c4d67e9e0dbc54356473b284c9b72725c6504673
• [2021-11-08] Beta testing.
  • Adding extract_variable_template/7 as specific predicates for templates. Fixing bug in output of answers with dates.
• 2021-11-07] Beta testing. Previous version: [92d90631853812384463c1cb2c2f1607e0a3fd64
  • Adding the command show types, to display the list of type identifier available in predefined templates and in the current document.
  • Templates are therefore formally used to capture type information for variables. Any combination of words between the asteriks identifies a type, except for ordinal.
  • Added is_type/1 (dynamic predicate) and pre_is_type/1 (for predefined templates) to record that information in memory.
  • Correcting the use of dictionary/3 in le_output
• 2021-11-02] Alfa testing. Last version: [eb0039077d068dd718ef47fd81af95554faeaef3
  • Updates to documentation, README.md, licensing and querying machinery.
• 2022-02-06] Update of the server. Last version: [6b89eb9e75066d1074769005e9675ffa2b4d7470
  • Explanation facilities improved and operational via answer(query, with(scenario), le(E), R)
  • Fixed multi-level indentation.
  • Parsing speed improved.
  • Translation from LE to s(CASP) via show(scasp, with(query, scenario)).
  • Changes for error reporting inside conditions.
  • New examples.

Contents of pack "le"

Pack contains 279 files holding a total of 7.3M bytes.