Dynamic object attributes

In this example, we will illustrate the use of:

• categories

• category predicates

• dynamic predicates

by defining a category that implements a set of predicates for handling dynamic object attributes.

Defining a category

We want to define a set of predicates to handle dynamic object attributes. We need public predicates to set, get, and delete attributes, and a private dynamic predicate to store the attribute values. Let us name these predicates set_attribute/2 and get_attribute/2, for getting and setting an attribute value, del_attribute/2 and del_attributes/2, for deleting attributes, and attribute_/2, for storing the attributes values.

But we do not want to encapsulate these predicates in an object. Why? Because they are a set of useful, closely related, predicates that may be used by several, unrelated, objects. If defined at an object level, we would be constrained to use inheritance in order to have the predicates available to other objects. Furthermore, this could force us to use multi-inheritance or to have some kind of generic root object containing all kinds of possible useful predicates.

For this kind of situation, Logtalk enables the programmer to encapsulate the predicates in a category, so that they can be used in any object. A category is a Logtalk entity, at the same level as objects and protocols. It can contain predicate directives and predicate definitions. Category predicates can be imported by any object, without code duplication and without resorting to inheritance.

When defining category predicates, we need to remember that a category can be imported by more than one object. Thus, calls to the built-in methods that handle the private dynamic predicate (such as assertz/1 or retract/1) must be made either in the context of self, using the message to self control structure, (::)/1, or in the context of this (i.e., in the context of the object importing the category). This way, we ensure that when we call one of the attribute predicates on an object, the intended object own definition of attribute_/2 will be used. The predicate definitions are straightforward. For example, if opting to store the attributes in self:

:- category(attributes).

    :- public(set_attribute/2).
    :- mode(set_attribute(+nonvar, +nonvar), one).

    :- public(get_attribute/2).
    :- mode(get_attribute(?nonvar, ?nonvar), zero_or_more).

    :- public(del_attribute/2).
    :- mode(del_attribute(?nonvar, ?nonvar), zero_or_more).

    :- public(del_attributes/2).
    :- mode(del_attributes(@term, @term), one).

    :- private(attribute_/2).
    :- mode(attribute_(?nonvar, ?nonvar), zero_or_more).
    :- dynamic(attribute_/2).

    set_attribute(Attribute, Value):-
        ::retractall(attribute_(Attribute, _)),
        ::assertz(attribute_(Attribute, Value)).

    get_attribute(Attribute, Value):-
        ::attribute_(Attribute, Value).

    del_attribute(Attribute, Value):-
        ::retract(attribute_(Attribute, Value)).

    del_attributes(Attribute, Value):-
        ::retractall(attribute_(Attribute, Value)).

:- end_category.

The alternative, opting to store the attributes on this, is similar: just delete the (::)/1 operator from the code above.

We have two new directives, category/1-4 and end_category/0, that encapsulate the category code. If needed, we can put the predicate directives inside a protocol that will be implemented by the category:

:- category(attributes,
    implements(attributes_protocol)).

    ...

:- end_category.

Any protocol can be implemented by either an object, a category, or both.

Importing the category

We reuse a category’s predicates by importing them into an object:

:- object(person,
    imports(attributes)).

    ...

:- end_object.

After compiling and loading this object and our category, we can now try queries like:

| ?- person::set_attribute(name, paulo).

yes

| ?- person::set_attribute(gender, male).

yes

| ?- person::get_attribute(Attribute, Value).

Attribute = name, Value = paulo ;
Attribute = gender, Value = male ;
no

Summary

• Categories are similar to objects: we just write our predicate directives and definitions bracketed by opening and ending category directives.

• An object reuses a category by importing it. The imported predicates behave as if they have been defined in the object itself.

• When do we use a category instead of an object? Whenever we have a set of closely related predicates that we want to reuse in several, unrelated, objects without being constrained by inheritance relations. Thus, categories can be interpreted as object building components.