.. This file is part of Logtalk https://logtalk.org/ SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 1998-2024 Paulo Moura <pmoura@logtalk.org> SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0

Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at

http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.

.. _installing_installing:

Installing Logtalk

This page provides an overview of Logtalk installation requirements and instructions and a description of the files contained in the Logtalk distribution. For detailed, up-to-date installation and configuration instructions, please see the README.md, INSTALL.md, and CUSTOMIZE.md files distributed with Logtalk. The broad compatibility of Logtalk, both with Prolog compilers and operating-systems, together with all the possible user scenarios, means that installation can vary from very simple, by running an installer or a couple of scripts, to the need of patching both Logtalk and Prolog compilers to workaround the lack of strong Prolog standards or to cope with the requirements of less common operating-systems.

The preferred installation scenario is to have Logtalk installed in a system-wide location, thus available for all users, and a local copy of user-modifiable files on each user home directory (even when you are the single user of your computer). This scenario allows each user to independently customize Logtalk and to freely modify the provided libraries and programming examples. Logtalk installers, installation shell scripts, and Prolog integration scripts favor this installation scenario, although alternative installation scenarios are always possible. The installers set two environment variables, LOGTALKHOME and LOGTALKUSER, pointing, respectively, to the Logtalk installation folder and to the Logtalk user folder.

User applications should preferably be kept outside of the Logtalk user folder created by the installation process, as updating Logtalk often results in updating the contents of this folder. If your applications depend on customizations to the distribution files, backup those changes before updating Logtalk.

.. _installing_requirements:

Hardware and software requirements

.. _installing_computer:

Computer and operating system ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Logtalk is compatible with almost any computer/operating-system with a modern, standards-compliant, Prolog compiler available.

.. _installing_compiler:

Prolog compiler ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Logtalk requires a :term:`backend Prolog compiler` supporting official and de facto standards. Capabilities needed by Logtalk that are not defined in the official ISO Prolog Core standard include:

• access to predicate properties
• operating-system access predicates
• de facto standard predicates not (yet) specified in the official standard

  Logtalk needs access to the predicate property built_in to properly compile objects and categories that contain Prolog built-in predicate calls. In addition, some Logtalk built-ins need to know the dynamic/static status of predicates to ensure correct application. The ISO standard for Prolog modules defines a predicate_property/2 predicate that is already implemented by most Prolog compilers. Note that if these capabilities are not built-in the user cannot easily define them.

  For optimal performance, Logtalk requires that the Prolog compiler supports first-argument indexing for both static and dynamic code (most modern compilers support this feature).

  Since most Prolog compilers are moving closer to the ISO Prolog standard [ISO95]_, it is advisable that you try to use the most recent version of your favorite Prolog compiler.

  .. _installing_installers:

Logtalk installers

Logtalk installers are available for macOS, Linux, and Microsoft Windows. Depending on the chosen installer, some tasks (e.g., setting environment variables or integrating Logtalk with some Prolog compilers) may need to be performed manually.

.. _installing_sources:

Source distribution

Logtalk sources are available in a tar archive compressed with bzip2, lgt3xxx.tar.bz2. You may expand the archive by using a decompressing utility or by typing the following commands at the command-line:

::

% tar -jxvf lgt3xxx.tar.bz2

This will create a sub-directory named lgt3xxx in your current directory. Almost all files in the Logtalk distribution are text files. Different operating-systems use different end-of-line codes for text files. Ensure that your decompressing utility converts the end-of-lines of all text files to match your operating system.

.. _installing_organization:

Distribution overview

In the Logtalk installation directory, you will find the following files and directories:

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.md - List of authors, contributors, sponsors, and open source credits

BIBLIOGRAPHY.bib – Logtalk bibliography in BibTeX format

CITATION.cff - Information on how to cite Logtalk

CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md - Code of conduct for contributors and users posting on support forums

CUSTOMIZE.md – Logtalk end-user customization instructions

INSTALL.md – Logtalk installation instructions

LICENSE.txt – Logtalk user license

NOTICE.txt – Logtalk copyright notice

QUICK_START.md – Quick start instructions for those that do not like to read manuals

README.md – several useful pieces of information

RELEASE_NOTES.md – release notes for this version

UPGRADING.md – instructions on how to upgrade your programs to the current Logtalk version

VERSION.txt – file containing the current Logtalk version number (used for compatibility checking when upgrading Logtalk)

loader-sample.lgt – sample loader file for user applications

settings-sample.lgt – sample file for user-defined Logtalk settings

tester-sample.lgt – sample file for helping to automate running user application unit tests

adapters NOTES.md – notes on the provided adapter files template.pl – template adapter file ... – specific adapter files

coding NOTES.md – notes on syntax highlighter and text editor support files providing syntax coloring for publishing and editing Logtalk source code ... – syntax coloring support files

contributions NOTES.md – notes on the user-contributed code ... – user-contributed code files

core NOTES.md – notes on the current status of the compiler and runtime ... – core source files

docs NOTES.md – notes on the provided documentation for core, library, tools, and contributions entities index.html – root document for all entities documentation ... – other entity documentation files

examples NOTES.md – short description of the provided examples

bricks NOTES.md – example description and other notes SCRIPT.txt – step-by-step example tutorial loader.lgt – loader utility file for the example objects ... – bricks example source files

... – other examples

integration NOTES.md – notes on scripts for Logtalk integration with Prolog compilers ... – Prolog integration scripts

library NOTES.md – short description of the library contents all_loader.lgt – loader utility file for all library entities ... – library source files

man ... – POSIX man pages for the shell scripts

manuals NOTES.md – notes on the provided documentation bibliography.html – bibliography glossary.html – glossary index.html – root document for all documentation ... – other documentation files

paths NOTES.md – description on how to setup library and example paths paths.pl – default library and example paths

ports NOTES.md – description of included ports of third-party software ... – ports

scratch NOTES.md – notes on the scratch directory

scripts NOTES.md – notes on scripts for Logtalk user setup, packaging, and installation ... – packaging, installation, and setup scripts

tests NOTES.md – notes on the current status of the unit tests ... – unit tests for built-in features

tools NOTES.md – notes on the provided programming tools ... – programming tools

.. _installing_adapters:

Adapter files ~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Adapter files provide the glue code between the Logtalk compiler/runtime and a Prolog compiler. Each adapter file contains two sets of predicates: ISO Prolog standard predicates and directives not built-in in the target Prolog compiler and Logtalk specific predicates.

Logtalk already includes ready-to-use adapter files for most academic and commercial Prolog compilers. If an adapter file is not available for the compiler that you intend to use, then you need to build a new one, starting from the included template.pl file. Start by making a copy of the template file. Carefully check (or complete if needed) each listed definition. If your Prolog compiler conforms to the ISO standard, this task should only take you a few minutes. In most cases, you can borrow code from the predefined adapter files. If you are unsure that your Prolog compiler provides all the ISO predicates needed by Logtalk, try to run the system by setting the unknown predicate error handler to report as an error any call to a missing predicate. Better yet, switch to a modern, ISO-compliant, Prolog compiler. If you send me your adapter file, with a reference to the target Prolog compiler, maybe I can include it in the next release of Logtalk.

The adapter files specify default values for most of the Logtalk :ref:`compiler flags <programming_flags>`. They also specify values for read-only flags that are used to describe Prolog backend-specific features.

.. _installing_runtime:

Compiler and runtime

The ``core`` sub-directory contains the Prolog and Logtalk source files that
implement the Logtalk compiler and the Logtalk runtime. The compiler and
the runtime may be split in two (or more) separate files or combined into
a single file, depending on the Logtalk release that you are installing.

.. _installing_library:

Library
~~~~~~~

The Logtalk distribution includes a standard library of useful objects,
categories, and protocols. Read the corresponding ``NOTES.md`` file for
details about the library contents.

.. _installing_examples:

Examples
~~~~~~~~

The Logtalk distribution includes a large number of programming examples.
The sources of each one of these examples can be found included in a
subdirectory with the same name, inside the directory examples. The
majority of these examples include tests and a file named ``SCRIPT.txt``
with sample calls. Some examples may depend on other examples and
library objects to work properly. Read the corresponding ``NOTES.md``
file for details before running an example.

.. _installing_entities:

Logtalk source files

Logtalk source files are text files containing one or more entity definitions (objects, categories, or protocols). The Logtalk source files may also contain plain Prolog code. The extension .lgt is normally used. Logtalk compiles these files to plain Prolog by appending to the file name a suffix derived from the extension and by replacing the .lgt extension with .pl (.pl is the default Prolog extension; if your Prolog compiler expects the Prolog source filenames to end with a specific, different extension, you can set it in the corresponding adapter file).